Torna alla DocumentazioneManage services with systemd
All modern services on Linux are managed by systemd. Basic commands:
# Start a service
systemctl start service-name
# Stop it
systemctl stop service-name
# Restart
systemctl restart service-name
# Reload configuration without downtime
systemctl reload service-name
# Enable automatic startup at boot
systemctl enable service-name
# Disable automatic startup
systemctl disable service-name
# Enable and start together
systemctl enable --now service-name
# Service status
systemctl status service-name
# List all active services
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running
# List services in error
systemctl --failed
Process management
Find a process
# Search by name
ps aux | grep nginx
pgrep -la nginx # Show PID and name
# Find the PID of a process
pidof nginx
Kill a process
# Terminate with SIGTERM signal (clean, the process can do cleanup)
kill PID
# Force terminate with SIGKILL (immediate)
kill -9 PID
# By process name
pkill nginx # SIGTERM
pkill -9 nginx # SIGKILL
# All processes with a certain name
killall nginx
Process priority (nice)
# Start a process with low priority (nice from -20 to 19, higher = lower priority)
nice -n 10 command
# Change the priority of a running process
renice 10 -p PID
Real-time monitoring
# Complete monitor (recommended)
htop
# Basic monitor
top
# Only processes of a user
ps aux --user www-data
# Top 10 processes by CPU
ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -11
# Top 10 processes by RAM
ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -11
Zombie processes
A zombie process is a terminated process that has not yet been "removed" from the system. Usually they don't cause problems, but in large numbers they can exhaust available PIDs.
# Find zombie processes
ps aux | grep 'Z'
# How many zombies there are
ps aux | awk '{print $8}' | grep -c Z
To eliminate zombies, usually just restarting the parent process is enough.
Find what uses a port
# Who uses port 80?
ss -tlnp | grep :80
lsof -i :80
# Who uses port 3306 (MySQL)?
ss -tlnp | grep :3306
# All listening ports
ss -tlnp
Processes that won't stop
If a process ignores normal kill:
# 1. Try with SIGTERM
kill PID
# 2. If it doesn't respond after a few seconds, use SIGKILL
kill -9 PID
# 3. Verify it's terminated
ps aux | grep PID
kill -9 doesn't give the process time to do cleanup (save files, close DB connections, etc.). Use it only when the process is completely stuck.
Create a custom systemd service
If you want your script or application to start automatically as a service:
nano /etc/systemd/system/my-app.service
[Unit]
Description=My application
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=www-data
WorkingDirectory=/var/www/my-app
ExecStart=/usr/bin/node /var/www/my-app/app.js
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
Environment=NODE_ENV=production PORT=3000
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now my-app
systemctl status my-app
Services that restart continuously
# See how many times it restarted and why
systemctl status service-name
journalctl -u service-name -n 50
# Reset failure counter
systemctl reset-failed service-name
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